- 2006 - 2007 :Visiting Senior Fellow, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
- 2006 - 2007 :Visiting Senior Fellow, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
- 1994 - 2000 :Coordinator and Part-Time Lecturer for Bachelor of Schience (Management), University of London Distance Degree program at the Singapore Institue of Management, Singapore
- 1994 - 2000 :Coordinator and Part-Time Lecturer for Bachelor of Schience (Management), University of London Distance Degree program at the Singapore Institue of Management, Singapore
- 1993 - 2000 :Senior Lecturer/ Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 1993 - 2000 :Senior Lecturer/ Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 2000 - -:Professor, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Collage of Asia Pacific Studies.
- 2000 - -:Researcher, Ritsumeikan Center for Asia Pacific Studies.
- 2000 - -:Professor, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Collage of Asia Pacific Studies.
- 2000 - -:Researcher, Ritsumeikan Center for Asia Pacific Studies.
- 1990 - 1996 :Director of Masters Degree Programme in Public Pokicy, University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
- 1990 - 1996 :Director of Masters Degree Programme in Public Pokicy, University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
- 1986 - 1990 :Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Policy & Administration, University of Brunei Darussalam
- 1986 - 1990 :Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Policy & Administration, University of Brunei Darussalam
- 1984 - 1986 :Full-time Lecturer, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 1984 - 1986 :Full-time Lecturer, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 1981 - 1984 :Adjunct-Lecturer, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 1981 - 1984 :Research Fellow, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies-Singapore, Singapore
- 1981 - 1984 :Adjunct-Lecturer, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 1981 - 1984 :Research Fellow, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies-Singapore, Singapore
- 1975 - 1977 :Tutor, Department of Sociology, University of Singapore, Singapore,
- 1975 - 1977 :Tutor, Department of Sociology, University of Singapore, Singapore,
- 立命館アジア太平洋大学 アジア太平洋学部 教授,Associate Dean, College of Asia Pacfic Studies.,Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University