3 「脆弱性」はThe National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research [NCPHS] (1975), Report and Recommendations: Research on the Fetus, 33, 68に、「弱者集団( vulnerable populations)」はNCPHS (1979), The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, C.2に見られる。